Cloak

Figuratively, a cloak may be anything that disguises or conceals something. In many science fiction franchises, such as Star Trek, there are cloaking devices, which provide a way to avoid detection by making objects appear invisible.

Because they keep a person hidden and conceal a weapon, the phrase cloak and dagger has come to refer to espionage and secretive crimes.

Harry Potter, Invisible Cloak

History

Cloak is a clothing item that is worn over the indoor clothing. It protects the wearer from the weather conditions or it is worn as fashionable outfit or as a part of the uniform. Humans used cloaks since the beginning of history in some simpler or more complex form. In time cloaks changed from larger pieces of leather in prehistory to more sophisticated clothing items following the fashion and progress of technology.

First cloaks were used as a blankets or bed coverings as clothing. Earliest cloaks were made of piece of cloth with a hole cut in the center for the head and resembled a poncho. Earliest North Americans often wore no covering on their upper bodies except for cloaks in bad weather. Ancient Romans used them that way as well Scots and Arabs and through the Middle Ages. Roman cloaks were of different styles. There were of short shoulder length styles, hip-length, knee length and ankle length. Style of the cloak depended on the the class and status of the Roman wearing the cloak.

Different types of cloaks had, of course, different names. Simplest style of cloak was paenula and it was worn by both sexes.

Source link: https://world4.eu/roman-paenula-cowl-hood/

Cloak worn by Roman Soldiers and by Roman officers was called sagum. It was simple rectangular piece of heavy material, knee length, which fastened by a metal or leather clasp called “fibula”. Soldiers wore red ones while officers wore scarlet ones. 

The sagum was a garment of note generally worn by members of the Roman military during both the Republic and early Empire. Regarded symbolically as a garment of war by the same tradition which embraced the toga as a garment of peace,^[1] it was slightly more practical in any event, consisting of a simple rectangular segment of cloth fastened by a leather or perhaps metal clasp and worn on top of the armor. The fabric was made of unwashed wool, saturated with lanolin (which made it water-resistant); it was traditionally dyed bright red.

Purple cloak, which was fastened by a large brooch on one shoulder, called lacerna was worn by generals. Purple color visually distinguished a general from other officers.

Lacerna

Roman senators also wore lacerna over their toga. Emperors of Rome wore paludamentum which was an expensive ankle length cloak fastened with a gold or jewelled clasp or brooch. Leana was a thick, round woolen cloak that Roman priests wore. Palliuim was a style of colorful decorated cloak that was reserved for the wealthy. All these cloaks were simple in design and it was not until the Renaissance that tailored cloaks were worn. Some cloaks have hoods and some are made so they cover the front, in which case they have holes or slits for the hands to pass through.

Cardinal or scarlet hooded cloak was very popular in the 18th century Britain. It was made of scarlet wool cloth which was double milled to make it resilient to weather. Scarlet was just a name for a cloak and it was also was also available in other colors. In time cloak styles become shorter and in the 1890s, hip-length mantelets were modern. Materials from which cloaks were made became broader and for cloaks were used wool, satin, silk, pleated chiffon, velvet, lace and taffeta fabrics. By the 1900s coats replaced cloaks but not totally. Coats become evening wear instead all-purpose as they were until then. In 1950s they again become day wear and were made of tweed and mohair. They soon fall out of fashion after that. From then until today they are worn on special occasions.

Source link: http://www.historyofclothing.com/clothing-history/cloak/